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A1995-015.Box102.0153B Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 102 / I-18-3	Lehmann, Val W. Forgotten legions; sheep in the Rio Grande plain of Texas: El Paso, Texas Western Press 1969. Notes: Page 4, A. Climate 1. Generally mild. 2. Summers are warm, with day time temperatures commonly reaching about 90 degrees. B. Winters 1. Usually are mild.
A1995-015.Box102.0156J Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 102 / I-18-3	Lehmann, V. W. (1969). Forgotten legions; sheep in the Rio Grande plain of Texas. Texas Western Press. Notes: Page 4, A. Land 1. Once covered by the ocean. 2. Receding seas left a gently undulating plains sloping to the southeast. B. Land Along Coast 1. Nearly flat belt 30 to 60 miles wide parallel to the coast.
A1995-015.Box12.0004A Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 12/ I-20-2	Citation could possibly be, Hidalgo County Centennial Corporation, The Centennial Celebration of the Organization of Hidalgo County in Texas (Mission, Texas: Times Publishing Company, 1952). Notes: Page 292, After 1835, there was no security in the Valley. Before 1835, there were(House of Representatives Report No. 701, 45th Congress, 1878) three million head of cattle, horses and sheep in the Rio Grande Valley.
A1995-015.Box13.0002D Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 13 / I-20-2	Hinojosa, G. M. (1983). A borderlands town in transition : Laredo, 1755-1870. College Station : Texas A&M University Press, c1983. Notes: Page 39, Accompanying this growth and perhaps stimulating it was a sharp in sheep graxing. In the mid-1820s Laredoans turned in greater number to tending flocks, which increased from 700 head in 1824 to 3,223 four years later. Wool replaced hides as the major source of wealth and became Laredo's chief export commodity. An average annual increase of only 14.3 percent in the number of mules suggests that wool was more important hides. Notes: Page 42, Economic growth in the countryside undoubtedly drew many of those leaving the town to the far outskirts, where one hacienda, twenty-three ranchos, and one hundred sitios had been established within the last four years to accommodate the growing herds. The number of sheep had risen at an average rate of 25.9 percent annually since 1828. The number of horses had increased at about the same rate. These developments in the hinterlands may have absorbed the people who had been attracted to Laredo by the postwar prosperity but found the town's resources exhausted.
A1995-015.Box13.0002E Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 13 / I-20-2	Gift of the Rio : story of Texas’ tropical borderland. (1975). Mission, Tex. : Border Kingdom Press, 1975 Notes: Page 55, from article "Face Toward the Sea" by Eddie Valent. From its earliest beginning, Brownsville, the Valley's oldest city has raised heavily on the sea for its commerce, though it is situated 20 miles inland. For over a century before Brownsville was founded, the Spaniard and the Mexican had trod, explored, settled and tilled the soil bordering the Rio Grande. They raised horse-stock, sheep, goat and immense herd of cattle. By 1840 the cattle alone that grazed on the plains between the Rio Grande and the Nueces numbered well above three million head. The Rio Grande delta, from the rocky terrain of San Pedro de Roma to the shores of the Gulf of Mexico as far north as the Arroyo Colorado, was dotted with "ranchos."
A1995-015.Box13.0002G Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 13 / I-20-2	Smith, W. H. (1976). The Parr dynasty : tyrants in Texas. Alice, Tex. : Wallace H. Smith, [1976?]. Notes: Pages 15-16, The first Flores ranch home was evidently established near the San Diego Creek, about two miles east of the present town of San Diego although there is no information on the exact site of the first Flores dwelling. It is known that the ranch was called San Ramigio and is believed to have been located near the present Springfield Community in what is now western Jim Wells County. It was a primitive and harsh life that the pioneer family led. They tended their sheep and goats as the animals ranged. The lives of the early settlers were isolated and remote. It took great sections of land for the growing of sheep and the ranches were far apart and communication was difficult.
A1995-015.Box13.0002M Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 13 / I-20-2	Laredo and the Rio Grande frontier : a narrative / by J. B. Wilkinson dust jacket and title page ill. by E. M. (Buck) Schiwetz. Wilkinson, Joseph B., 1902-1973. Austin, Tex. : Jenkins Pub. Co., 1975 Notes: Page 110, The collection of horses, mules, cattle, sheep, and goats scattered by the Indians, was a continuing occupation of the early 1820s. After the Comanche raid of 1818, Alcalde Yldefonso Ramon had to investigate many irregularities in the round-ups. For instance, on May 7, 1819, he wrote the alcade of Revilla to ask him to check the activities of Ignacio Largo and others who were gathering sheep and goats at the pasture of Corralitos, and to return to Laredo owners the animals which carried their marks. Later the same year, Antonio Gonzalez, Manuel Trevino, Calixto Garcia, and Marcos and Juan Ramos were granted a license to catch mustang horses from the first of October to the last of November. A fee of 12.5 pesos was prorated among the licensees, and they were required to pay an additional fee of two reales for each horse they captured.
A1995-015.Box13.0037A Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 13 / I-20-2	Smith, W. H. (1976). The Parr dynasty : tyrants in Texas. Alice, Tex. : Wallace H. Smith, [1976?] Notes: Page 15, There is no record of the trip north from Mexico but the Flores family, like those who followed, crossed the Rio Grande and made the 150 miles trip across the sprawling land into the uncharted area in ox-carts. They brought with them their household goods and drove before them their flocks of sheep and herds of goats. They certainly had some horses and probably some cattle.
A1995-015.Box14.0033A Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 14 / I-20-4	Lehmann, V. W. (1969). Forgotten legions; sheep in the Rio Grande plain of Texas. Texas Western Press. Notes: Page 134, Removal of cattle from Mexican ranches. It began in late 1836 and completed largely by 1840. Lehman doubts that the "rag-long ex-soldiers and adventures with the problems they faced could have captured, removed large numbers in less than four years.
A1995-015.Box15.0016AF Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 15 / I-20-2	Morrell, Z. N. (1872). Flowers and fruits from the wilderness : or, Thirty-six years in Texas and two winters in Honduras. Boston : Gould and Lincoln, 1872. Reprinted in 1886. Notes: Pages 92-105, Chapter VIII. Teh West. - 1838. Having glance at the progress of the cause of Christ in 1838, in the preceding chapter, with the conflicts and trials of his scattered sheep, we purpose in this a review of some other facts relative to the state of the country.
A1995-015.Box17.0006F Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 17 / I-20-3	Lehmann, V. W. (1969). Forgotten legions; sheep in the Rio Grande plain of Texas. Texas Western Press. Notes: Page 22, After Santa Anna, they exchanged the Nueces strip for his freedom at San Jacinto in 1836.
A1995-015.Box17.0016C Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 17 / I-20-3	Hinojosa, G. M. (1983). A borderlands town in transition : Laredo, 1755-1870. College Station : Texas A&M University Press, c1983. Notes: No page given, The predictable results soon became evident. The number of sheep and goats held by Laredoans dropped from 5,800 in late 1835 to 1,500 in late 1837. The number of horses also dropped drastically in that two-year period from 548 to 100. The aggregate amount of capital in drafts fell from 6,834 to 3,000 pesos in that two-year interval, an average annual decline of 29 percent.
A1995-015.Box18.0026B Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 18 / I-20-3	Thompson, J. D. (1974). Sabers on the Rio Grande. Austin, Tex. : Presidial Press, 1974. Notes: Pages 80-81, Canales' righthand man, on whose shoulders the strength of the federalist cause rested, was Antonio Zapata, after whom Zapata County is named. Born into poverty in Guerrero, Zapata became a sheepherder in his youth. He acquired a small ranch, married an orphan girl and began acquiring more land and additional herds of sheep.
A1995-015.Box21.0017P Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 21 / I-20-3	Bette Gay Hunter Ash, "Mexican Texans in the Civil War," M.S. Thesis, East Texas State University, Commerce, Texas, 1972,23. Notes: Page 14-15, The Mexican War settled the question of the boundary between the United States and Mexico, and the area between the Nueces and the Rio Grande became part of Texas. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the inhabitants of this area were to choose citizenship in either country within one year of the date of the treaty. This treaty was particularly galling to Mexican officials because they were compelled to give away not only territory but citizens as well. Mexican officials were very bitter about this "and spoke of selling these people like a flock of sheep, and for years those Mexicans left in the United States were known in Mexico as "out brothers who were sold." The Mexican Americans were the only minority group in the United States who were acquired by conquest an whose rights were protected by a treaty, other than the Indians.
A1995-015.Box23.0002A Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	Citation could possibly be, Hidalgo County Centennial Corporation, The Centennial Celebration of the Organization of Hidalgo County in Texas (Mission, Texas: Times Publishing Company, 1952). Notes: Page 90, The American settlers of the area of Hidalgo County were moving in. M.W. Stevens who came to Corpus Christi in 1845, moved into the habitacion lands below Reynosa. He advertised on September 15, 1847, in the Flag that he and Paris had, established a woodyard about sixty miles above Matamoros. Beef, calves, goats, sheep, chickens, eggs, and vegetables, as soon as garden can be made, We will spare no pains to accommodate steamboats. So Stevens, the first county judge of Hidalgo, began his career in the land he served.
A1995-015.Box23.0023I Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	Allhands, J. L. (1949). Uriah Lott. San Antonio, Naylor [c1949]. Notes: Pages 25-33, San Antonio's Effort for a rail outlet to the Gulf In the late 70's when John G. Kenedy, son of Mifflin Kenedy, returned form the cattle trail, his father had a nice job for about six months and then had other ideas. He decided to strike out for himself by engaging in the raising of sheep in Duval County, Texas. In the summer of 1882, following the sale of the Corpus Christi, San Diego & Rio Grande Railroad, J.G. Kenedy sold his sheep business to Uriah Lott. Uriah sold Mifflin Kenedy his home in Corpus Christi, together with eight lots, for $12,000. He put that money, a lot of work and everything he had into the ranch. He teamed up with J.P. Nelson, the contractor who built much of his Narrow Guge, and the firm of Lott & Nelson had high hopes that Kenedy's flock would make them a nice stake. They were doomed to disappointment, however, for the sheep business soon became awfully sick, though it took these railroad builders some time to learn that they were not cut out for the ups and downs of the wool business.
A1995-015.Box23.0023K Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	Allhands, J. L. (1960). Railroads to the Rio. Salado, Tex., Anson Jones Press, 1960. Notes: Pages 32-43, The San Antonio & Aransas Pass Railway When they sold the Corpus Christi, San Diego & Rio Grande property to the Mexican National Lines, Uriah's share of the profits, together with proceeds from the sale of his Corpus Christi home, was sufficient for him to try his hand at sheep ranching. When that land became parched with the worst drought in years, his ranching efforts ended in miserables failure. He was familiar with the long cherished plans of a group of forward looking leaders of San Antonio for an outlet to deep water. He had heard how their San Antonio & Aransas Pass Co., authorizing the building of a road to the Gulf had started its corporate life. Though Uriah Lott was dead broke, the dream of building this railroad had so possessed him that he turned up in San Antonio, and as some men dedicate their lives to the church, thenceforth his energies were dedicated to providing railroad transportation. He first turned to his old associates, Richard King and Mifflin Kenedy, the backers of his Texas Mexican Railroad. That road had proved to be profitable venture, and into their ears he commenced pouring the story of this fantastic San Antonio project.
A1995-015.Box23.0023T Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	Citation not found. Citation information given: Masters, Plain, 1950 Notes: Pages 66-69, After Uriah Lott had sold out his little railroad running from Corpus Christi to a point near Laredo, he went into the sheep business and took a financial beating in 1885 because of the drought that year; he then moved to San Antonio. The Alamo City had been desirous of an outlet to the Gulf for many years and prior to 1884 had several groups organized for that purpose. On August 7, 1884, a group organized and received a charter to build the San Antonio & Aransas Pass Railroad to Aransas Pass. Uriah Lott worked his way into this group, became the promoter for the road, and started work in 1885.
A1995-015.Box23.0029I Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	Smith, W. H. (1976). The Parr dynasty : tyrants in Texas. Alice, Tex. : Wallace H. Smith, [1976?] Notes: Page 29, Whether it was a Flores, a Perez or a Coy who started the town, San Diego started to grow. Numbers of families moved into the town over the next few years. Among the Latin-Americans were Juan Garcia, Jose Pio Salinas, Jesus Garcia, Anastacio Perez and Jesus Soliz. Among the Anglo families were Frank Gravis, James O. Luby, L.L. Wright, Charles Hoffman and Jack Everett. Growth came quite steadily to the fledgling town. It was the only settlement between Corpus Christi, a growing town on the Gulf of Mexico, and Laredo, located on the Rio Grande hundred miles to the west. Notes: Page 37, Farmers moved into the area and the plow bit into the soil that for centuries had produced only grass. Bur farming added another dimension to the sheep and cattle economy. Only a small part of the land was suited to agriculture and an average rainfall of slightly over twenty inches annually made farming a marginal economic proposition. But some farming did develop. San Diego prospered. Writing in 1890, Moses said that San Diego had a population of almost fifteen hundred and described the town as having "a courthouse, a jail, twenty odd mercantile stores, two apothecary stores, three or four blacksmiths and wheelwright shops, shoemakers, carpenters, carpenter, brick and stones masons galore, two public schools, a private school where higher branches of learning are taught, four lawyers and two doctors, to say nothing of would be practitioners and frauds in their profession.
A1995-015.Box23.0029K Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	Citation not found, citation notes given: Meek Papers, Conner Museum. Notes: No pagination, Not until after the Civil War did San Diego emerge from its somnolent state and begin to assume an identity as a town of some importance to the area which had, by the seventies and eighties, developed into the largest sheep raising and wool producing area in the United States, with San Diego as its principal trading center. It had become the largest and most important town between Corpus Christi and Laredo - in fact it was the only town worthy of the name. Collins didn't make its short-lived appearance until 1878 and Alice dates only from 1888. Westward, between San Diego and Laredo, there were only Station, which is now Hebbronville. And if it sounds incredible now that San Diego as once a place of some significance in the scheme of things, an indication of its erstwhile importance can be gleaned from the fact that "San Diego" was incorporated into the name of the railroad which started building in 1875 from Corpus Christi to Laredo.
A1995-015.Box23.0052A Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	Lehmann, Val W. Forgotten legions; sheep in the Rio Grande plain of Texas: El Paso, Texas Western Press 1969. Notes: Page 66, Castration, Docking, and Branding of Sheep. Notes: Pages 97-99, Decline in number of reliable shepherds. Notes: Page 113, The single overriding reason for devise of sheep industry. Notes: Page 127, Cattle and sheep. Notes: Pages 133-134, The U.S. Census, 1880 showed 221,597 cattle and 1,644,268 sheep. Notes: Page 175, The stockman scans the heavens many times anxiously hoping and wishing for rain as has been his habit in dry lines before.
A1995-015.Box23.0052AA Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	Citation not found. Citation information given: Masters, Plain, 1950 Notes: Pages 30-31, The sheep industry did not parallel the growth of the cattle industry, but at times and periods the sheep business was very profitable. In the early eighties it gained importance as a vocation in the region. The growth in various counties in the region is indicated in the following report. "In 1882 the County of Zapata had 7,318 cattle, 6,659 horses and mules, 87,325 sheep, and 11,625 goats." In Nueces County, which had been a cattle county, statistics show that "in 1881 there were nearly 200,000 sheep, 85,000 cattle, and 25,000 horses and mules." McMullen County showed on the assessment rolls in "1881, 3,243 horses and mules, 16,185 cattle, 152,329 sheep, and 15,500 goats." Bexar County, sheep and other livestock." Another example of a periodical boom in the sheep industry occurred in 1878: The assessment rolls of Webb County - an extreme case for 1878 showed only 8,000 cattle against 239,000 sheep and 19,000 Mexican goats."
A1995-015.Box23.0052AB Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	Laredo and the Rio Grande frontier : a narrative / by J. B. Wilkinson dust jacket and title page ill. by E. M. (Buck) Schiwetz. Wilkinson, Joseph B., 1902-1973. Austin, Tex. : Jenkins Pub. Co., 1975. Notes: Pages 328-329, In much of the Border country sheep were as important to the economy as cattle. Writing in the Texas Almanac of 1868, no less an authority that E.J. Davis himself extolled the profit possibilities of raising sheep between the rivers: A friend in Webb County commenced raising sheep with two hundred and fifty ewes in the winter of 1854-55, In the year 1860 he sold out three thousand head, the result of this flock. In 1870, Webb County ranchers rendered 12,000 cattle for taxation and 67,000 sheep, and a year later 20,000 cattle and 124,000 sheep. Webb County was third in Texas in the number of sheep carried on its tax rolls following two other Border counties, Nueces and Starr. It is doubtful that the tax rolls were as comprehensive as they should have been, but the relative ranking of the counties is probably correct.
A1995-015.Box23.0052AH Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	Sutherland, M. A. (1916). The story of Corpus Christi. [Corpus Christi] Corpus Christi Chapter, Daughters of the Confederacy, 1916. Notes: Pages 50-51, The sheep industry was at its apex at this time and a great many rancheros were in that business. Strange to say there was no friction between the sheep and cowman such as have disgraced other sections of the Southwest, but the removal of the tariff off war wool killed the sheep business and we went back to longhorns, grazing in common on the unfenced land. Naturally the herds got tangled and our District Court ran overtime settling ownership of cattle, a golden era for the lawyers of that day. But about this time Glidden invented barbed wire fencing. The country was soon covered with a networking of it, and for years there has not been a case in court growing out of ownership of cattle, and the animal known as the Maverick is as completely extinct as the buffalo. The longhorn was superseded by blooded stock, the festive cowboy has doffed his jiggling spurs and high-heeled boots, and his trusty six-shooter is covered with rust.
A1995-015.Box23.0052AI Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	Carlson, P. H. (1982). Texas woollybacks : the range sheep and goat industry. College Station : Texas A&M University Press, c1982. Notes: Pages 48-64, From chapter 4 - The Rio Grande Plain The Rio Grande Plain, or Wild Horse Desert as it was called by most people in the mid-nineteenth century, dominated the Texas range sheep industry for two decades after the Civil War. As George Wilkins Kendall struggled to raise sheep and produce wool in the Hill Country during the 1850s, sheepmen were trickling into the Rio Grande Plain. In the early 1860s the trickle became a stream and after the Civil War a flood. The boom did no last, and in the late 1880s the sheep and goat industry in the Rio Grande Plain declined, although not before it had played a role in Texas agriculture that at times overshadowed the colorful South Texas cattle industry. Notes Pages 138-179, From Chapters, Sheep-Trailing Industry and Sheep Wars. Because of the large demand for sheep, Will and Charles Eaheart during the summer of 1881 took to sheep-trailing. They gathered together four thousand dollars in Shackelford County and forwarded it to a bank in Las Vegas, New Mexico, where they intended to buy sheep to trail back to Texas. After a hazardous trip to Las Vegas, they collected their money and proceeded some fifty miles southwestward to a range of rugged mountains, where some New Mexican dons grazed their animals. After a week of sorting and buying sheep, the brothers, with some Hispanic herders they hired to help, started home. They moved eastward through a valley they incorrectly thought was well watered and about twelve to fifteen miles wide.
A1995-015.Box23.0052AJ Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 123 / I-17-1 (Overflow)	Carlson, P. H. (1982). Texas woollybacks : the range sheep and goat industry. College Station : Texas A&M University Press, c1982. Notes: Pages 48-64, From chapter 4 - The Rio Grande Plain The Rio Grande Plain, or Wild Horse Desert as it was called by most people in the mid-nineteenth century, dominated the Texas range sheep industry for two decades after the Civil War. As George Wilkins Kendall struggled to raise sheep and produce wool in the Hill Country during the 1850s, sheepmen were trickling into the Rio Grande Plain. In the early 1860s the trickle became a stream and after the Civil War a flood. The boom did no last, and in the late 1880s the sheep and goat industry in the Rio Grande Plain declined, although not before it had played a role in Texas agriculture that at times overshadowed the colorful South Texas cattle industry. Notes Pages 138-179, From Chapters, Sheep-Trailing Industry and Sheep Wars. Because of the large demand for sheep, Will and Charles Eaheart during the summer of 1881 took to sheep-trailing. They gathered together four thousand dollars in Shackelford County and forwarded it to a bank in Las Vegas, New Mexico, where they intended to buy sheep to trail back to Texas. After a hazardous trip to Las Vegas, they collected their money and proceeded some fifty miles southwestward to a range of rugged mountains, where some New Mexican dons grazed their animals. After a week of sorting and buying sheep, the brothers, with some Hispanic herders they hired to help, started home. They moved eastward through a valley they incorrectly thought was well watered and about twelve to fifteen miles wide.
A1995-015.Box23.0052AL Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	McCampbell, C. (1934). Saga of a frontier seaport. Dallas, Tex. : South-West Press, c1934. Notes: Page 3, In the seventies over a million sheep grazed in Nueces and Duval counties; for a few years Corpus Christi, it is said, was the largest wool market in America.
A1995-015.Box23.0052B Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	Taylor, P. S. (1971). An American-Mexican frontier, Nueces County, Texas. New York, Russell & Russell [1971]. Notes: Page 74, Spanish ranchers sometimes raised sheep, but they were mainly interested in raising cattle.
A1995-015.Box23.0052D Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	Lehmann, V. W. (1969). Forgotten legions; sheep in the Rio Grande plain of Texas. Texas Western Press. Notes: Page 26, When sheep became important. Notes: Page 30, Article in Galveston. Notes: Pages 36-43, What was needed to start Sheep Ranch. Notes: Pages 49-51, Callaghan Ranch. Notes: Pages 72-83, View of Trail Drive created by Television. Notes: Pages 103-113, Mexican Freighters - Old Laredo Trail.
A1995-015.Box23.0052E Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	"Sheepmens Heyday Here Short-Lined" by Grady Stiles. Corpus Christi Caller Times Jan. 18, 1959. Notes: No page given. Region where most sheep located.
A1995-015.Box23.0052H Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	McCoy, D. A. (1977). Oil, mud and guts. Brownsville, Tex. : Springman-King Lithograph Co. ; Edinburg, Tex. : distributed by Bruce Underwood, c1977. Notes: Page 29, About the time the railroad reached Duval County another man struck out on his own to raise sheep on the open range in Duval County. He was John G. Kenedy, son of Mifflin Kenedy, partner of Captain Richard King. In 1882 Kenedy sold his sheep interests in Duval County to Uriah Lott.
A1995-015.Box23.0052I Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	Grimm, A. G. (1985). Llanos Mesteñas : Mustang plains. Waco, Tex. : Texian Press, 1985, c1968. Notes: Pages 86-89, After the War, the two brothers decided to form a partnership and go into the sheep-raising business. They chose public land along the Barbon Creek, where, probably unknown to them, the Spaniards had mined silver and had fought a losing battle against the Coastal Indians a century earlier. 1867 was a memorable year for the Adams brothers. Besides farming their partnership land, they both married. William Adams married Sarah Dodson, daughter of Archelaus B. Dodson, a veteran of the Texas Revolution, and Sarah Bradley Dodson, designer of the first tri-color Lone Star flag of Texas. Robert Adams married Loreno McWhorter, daughter of a Texan patriot who went with General Somerville to the Rio Grande and returned with him.
A1995-015.Box23.0052J Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	Taylor, P. S. (1971). An American-Mexican frontier, Nueces County, Texas. New York, Russell & Russell [1971]. Notes: Page 74, In the early seventies sheep-raising experienced a tremendous expansion. In 1875 and 1876 the assessed valuation of years from the mid-seventies to the early eighties, Nueces County led the counties of Texas an probably at times the United States, in numbers of both sheep and cattle. Even into the early nineties Nueces County led Texas in number of cattle, and some years in numbers of horses and mules as well. The sheep industry in Nueces County declined sharply in the late seventies and early eighties, moving westward in advance of fencing. Notes: Page 100, As opportunity for employment increased with the expansion of the cattle and sheep industries, more Mexicans moved up from Mexico. Sheares, who came in gangs twice a year from across the Rio Grande, from about the first of May to the middle of June, and from mid-August to the end of September, supplied the seasonal labor demands of the stock industry. With the decline of the sheep industry in the eighties, the practice slackened and then ceased. Notes: Pages 116-117, Pastores, who were practically without exception Mexicans, according to a Mexican then resident in the county, received wages as low as $2 to $4 a month an rations in the sixties. An other Mexican who had worked as a vaquero since the early sixties, placed wages at from $8 to $12, but it is probable that he had in mind a later period, for a contemporary American report as late as 1876 stated prevailing wages to be from $5 to $10 per month in southwest Texas. Notes: Page 126, As pastores, they were without rival, especially those who came form near Saltillo. But pastores have been, and still are, regarded as the lowest class of laborers in south Texas and always they have been paid the least.
A1995-015.Box23.0052K Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	Lasater, D. (1985). Falfurrias : Ed C. Lasater and the development of South Texas. College Station : Texas A&M University Press, c1985. Notes: Pages 12-13, W.E. Caldwell's oldest son, Edward, had little trouble adapting himself to life on the margin of nineteenth-century civilization. After short stints in city jobs, he had concluded that a life on the range held the most attraction. In particular, he decided that the sheep business offered the greatest prospect for financial reward, and he set out to determine the most practical way to get started. In 1875, Caldwell and his brother Willie leased a twenty-five-thousand-acre ranch. The consideration was fifty dollars annual cash rent, with the additional stipulation that they remove all the Mexican squatters and their flocks form the land. By the end of the year, the ranch was free of squatters, and, according to Caldwell, they had friendly relations with all their Mexican neighbors, "but we felt it necessary to be always well-armed and watchful, and making frequent demonstrations of out ability to draw quick and shoot straight."
A1995-015.Box23.0052L Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	Lea, T., & King, R. (1957). The King Ranch Volume I. Boston, Little, Brown [1957]. Notes: Pages 301-304, To the marketing of wool from his sheep flocks. Nueces and Duval counties were then the leading wool producers in Texas. There were half a million to million sheep in the region; wagons piled high with wool sacks often crowded the streets of Corpus Christi. King devoted a large corner of the Santa Gertrudis tract to his sheep and tided his ranch over until the beef market grew firm again. In December, 1874, Mifflin Kenedy over at his Laureles was having the glooms over the prospects and was writing to his lawyer Stephen Powers: "I regret now that I built a pannel of fence or ever saw a ranch, but it is too late now for regrets and I must make the most of the elephant."
A1995-015.Box23.0052M Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	Walraven, B. (1982). Corpus Christi : the history of a Texas seaport. Woodland Hills, Calif. : Windsor Publications, 1982. Notes: Page 61, After the days of the cow trails, Corpus Christi became, for a time, the world's largest shipping point of wool. From the mid-1880s until 1893, there were more sheep between Corpus Christi and Laredo than any place in the United States. Wagons brought in 500 pound bags of domestic wool and long trains of Mexican carts, each pulled by two to six pairs of oxen, exchanged wool for merchandise. It appeared that wool would supplant beef in the economy, especially after the great drought in 1891 killed hundreds of thousands of cattle. President Gorver Cleveland lowered tarriffs, a move more deadly to the sheepmen than disease.
A1995-015.Box23.0052N Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	Kelsey, A. M. (1952). Through the years; reminiscences of pioneer days on the Texas border. San Antonio, Naylor Co. [1952]. Notes: Pages 54-55, At his sheep ranch papa at one time had two Frenchmen who cared for the sheep on shares under a five-year contract. When the contract was completed, the two took their share of the labs and went to Mexico to set up for themselves. One of these Frenchmen was an educated person, versed in science, and wrote shorthand. He tried to teach this to me, but I guess I was dumb, for I could see nothing to it. To me it looked like the footprints of a fly that had stepped in a drop of ink and walked on a sheet of paper. After a few years in Mexico, their flocks depleted form one cause or another; the Frenchmen came back to Starr County looking for a contract.
A1995-015.Box23.0052O Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	"Concepcion old-liner Alcalls Before 1972" Spencer Pearson, Corpus Christi Caller Times September 28, 1985. Notes: No page given, Before cotton was grown here, wool was the big crop. People raised sheep and hauled the wool to Corpus Christi for shipment to the mills in the East.
A1995-015.Box23.0052Q Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	Smith, W. H. (1976). The Parr dynasty : tyrants in Texas. Alice, Tex. : Wallace H. Smith, [1976?] Notes: Page 29, Wool was the basic commodity in the economy but the hides of cattle, worth more than the cattle, were of some economic value. Between 1873 and 1883 Duval County claimed to have been the largest wool producing county in the nation. Collins operated the largest of the several wool markets in San Diego and thousands of pounds of wool were bought annually. Notes: Pages 83-85, Sheep raising was the basis of the Duval County economy at the time the first settlers pushed into the area. Sheep and the production of wool remained a major economic factor until late in the nineteenth century when, drought, disease and the low price of wool combined to drive most of the sheep raisers out of business. The production of sheep was gradually replaced by cattle raising after the depression in the sheep economy. From the time the Flores family and those who followed settled on the vast plains of South Texas, their sheep roamed the land. As the county settled up sheep growing expanded until by 1883, shortly before the decline started, it was estimated that Duval County had some 340,000 sheep and goats and San Diego had become the largest wool market in the nation.
A1995-015.Box23.0052S Collection: George O. Coalson's Annotated Bibliography of South Texas Historical Resources Location: 23 / I-20-3	Writer's Round Table. Padre Island, the long Texas coastal stretch that curves through the Gulf of Mexico from Corpus Christi to Port Isabel. (1950). San Antonio, Naylor [1950]. Notes: Page 192, The Mercers had a flock of 1800 sheep on Mustang at one time and John Rayls, Harry Douglas and Harry Reynolds raised mutton on Padre. English colonists who came to the Gulf coast at that time were responsible for this era of sheep raising - a transfer of an interest they had known in their own country. However, the semi-tropical hurricane swept beaches of Padre did not duplicate the climate of England, and a period of drought and disease wiped out the sheep industry. Sheep raising also boomed on the mainland and Corpus Christi was one of the wool centers of the world. The sheep business was merely an interlude that existed between the longhorn and the pedigreed Herefords that now roam the fenced pastures of Texas' coast.