- A1996-030.0121
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Island Freeman, aerial view. All island operations, with the exception of the drilling rig on this island, are powered by electricity. |
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- A1996-030.0122
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Island Grissom, as seen by the residents of Long Beach (Queen Mary in background.) Vapor recovery systems on islands recover all vapors, that would otherwise pollute the atmosphere. |
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- A1996-030.0123
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Island White, as seen by the residents of Long Beach. All produced formation brine is returned underground rather than discharged into the ocean. |
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- A1996-030.0124
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Island White, showing camouflaged oil derricks. |
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- A1996-030.0125
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Island White, aerial view from Long Beach side, showing sculptural forms with water fall. |
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- A1996-030.0126
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Island White, close up of water fall on Long Beach side. |
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- A1996-030.0127
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Island White, view from seaward side. |
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- A1996-030.0128
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Island Freeman, general view. Over one million barrels of water are pumped, or injected daily into the field for the repressuring of the underground oil sands, which has the combined effect of controlling subsidence and accelerating oil production. |
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- A1996-030.0129
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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View of camouflaged derrick on Island White. Surface pipe is cemented solidly to a minimum depth of 800 feet to anchor blow-out prevention equipment. Pit level gauges and alarm systems on mud tanks warn of pressure build up during drilling operations. Each island maintains its own central mud plant for emergencies and rapid on-site treatment of mud. |
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- A1996-030.0130
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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View of concrete oil well cellar, Island White. Wells are completed with underground submergible electric and hydraulic pumps. Flowing wells are equipped with down-hole tubing safety valves which automatically shut-in the well and prevent the wells from flowing out of control in the event of well head damage or an oil line break. All pumping wells are equipped with automatically actuated well head valves to permit the shutdown of individual wells, or, all wells, in case of emergencies. |
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- A1996-030.0131
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Island Grissom, night view, as seen by the residents of Long Beach. |
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- A1996-030.0132
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Island White, night view, as seen by the residents of Long Beach. |
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- A1996-030.0133
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Geothermal energy is one of the cleanest forms of energy developed by man. Unlike conventional thermal electric generation, no fossil fuels are burned, and no combustion products pollute the atmosphere. Futhermore, fossil fuels are now in short supply, and since the development of geothermal energy has a negligible effect on the environment, this source of energy appears to have an enormous potential. There is no fuel cost in comparison with the more conventional steam generating plant, or those utilizing atomic energy, and the capital investment needed to develop a steam field is, in most cases, smaller than that needed to construct either hydroelectric or conventional steam generating facilities of the same capacity. These slides show what is being done on the West Coast to develop this very promising source of energy.
First geothermal power plant in Western Hemisphere. Here, shallow wells supplied steam for electric generation for domestic use during the twenties. Surface manifestations in the area include hot springs and steam vents. Pleistocene volcanic rocks occur nearby; The Geysers, Sonoma County, California (approximately 75 miles north of San Francisco.) |
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- A1996-030.0134
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Drilling a geothermal well. Oil well rotary drilling equipment is used to drill down to the depths as great as 6200 feet, where steeply dipping fracture zones are encountered in dense, indurated graywacke of the Jurrassic-Cretaceous Franciscan formation. The fracture zone is part of a complex system of normal faults, which has divided the area into complex horst and graben structures. Superheated steam is confined to the fractures by an overlying body of impermeable serpentine. Many of the wells are completed barefoot, i.e., without perforated pipe through the production zone; The Geysers. |
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- A1996-030.0135
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Completed, and shut-in steam well showing well head with small bleeder valve open. The average steam production of each well is approximately 200,000 points per hour; The Geysers. |
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- A1996-030.0136
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Union Oil Co. "Thermal 4" which blew out in 1957 and is blowing wild. The operator has since equipped the well with a muffler and plans are being made to install a low (back) pressure turbine to allow the energy to be converted into electricity; The Geysers. |
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- A1996-030.0137
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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General view of the Geysers Geothermal Field looking southeastward along Big Sulphur Creek.. Pacific Gas and Electric Company Power Plant No. 2 in right background, and Power Plant No. 3 in the left background. This geothermal cperation went on stream in 1960, and is the only field in the U.S. (as of 1972) developed to the point of producing electric power commercially. |
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- A1996-030.0138
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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View of Pacific Gas and Electric Company Power Plant No. 2. The present capacity of the Geysers Geothermal Field is 192,000 kilowatts. By 1975 the capacity should be more than twice this figure, or, enough electricity to supply a city the size of San Francisco. |
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- A1996-030.0139
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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The Geysers. |
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- A1996-030.0140
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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The Cerro Prieto Stream Field is located approximately 20 miles south of Mexicali in the State of Baja California, Mexico. Here, the first commercial geothermal power plant in Latin America went on stream in late 1972. This geother5mal field, presently rated at 75,000 kilowatts, contains fifteen wells which have been drilled to an average depth of 4200 feet, where sandstone layers are encountered containing superheated water. The Cerro Prieto volcanic cone, just a few miles to the northwest, testifies to youthful volcanic activity, and therefore to the probable presence of magmatic activity at depth. Surface manifestations include boiling nud pots and mud volcanoes in nearby Laguna Volcano.
General view of Cerro Prieto geothermal area. |
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- A1996-030.0141
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Rotary drilling rig used to drill geothermal wells is the same type used to drill oil wells, except a special cooling tower is used to cool drilling mud. |
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- A1996-030.0142
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Geothermal well. |
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- A1996-030.0143
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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General view of Cerro Prieto Stream Field showing three completed geothermal wells (Evaporation pond in foreground.) |
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- A1996-030.0144
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Close up of geothermal well head, shut-in. |
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- A1996-030.0145
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Shut-in geothermal well, with water separator. Cyclone separator separates hot water from dry stream, sending only dry stream to the turbines in the power plant. |
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- A1996-030.0146
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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The separated water is discharged into the silencers (cylindrical vessels left of the well) and then to the evaporation pond in the foreground. |
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- A1996-030.0147
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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After evaporation, valuable salts are recovered, including lithium salts, from the separated water. |
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- A1996-030.0148
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Geothermal well which has intentionally been allowed to blow wild for testing purposes. Stream originates from deltaic sandstone layers at an average depth of 4200 feet, which are saturated with superheated water. These layers are apparently heated by hot gases and vapors originating in the rifted basement rock a few thousand feet deeper (part of the |
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- A1996-030.0149
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Geothermal well. |
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- A1996-030.0150
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Close-up of steam discharge. High pressure steam leaves discharge line with deafening roar during formation test (end of discharge line is approximately 3 feet in diameter.) Wells are completed through the production zone with 7 5/8" pipe. Some zones are completed with gun perforations, others are completed with slotted pipe. |
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- A1996-030.0151
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Exhaust condensers, outside of power plant. Exhausted steam, after passing through the steam turbine is condensed yo water and delivered to the cooling tower. Non-condensable gases such as CO2 and H2S are removed from the condensers by means of gas ejectors. |
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- A1996-030.0152
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Combined view of cooling tower on right, and power plant on left. The total investment in the Cerro Prieto geothermal operation is approximately $14 million. |
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- A1996-030.0153
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Sting Ray City Part I, equipment. |
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- A1996-030.0154
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Sting Ray City Part I, map. |
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- A1996-030.0155
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Sting Ray City Part I, Trunkline Gas Company, Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America |
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- A1996-030.0156
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Sting Ray City Part I, Stingray Requests FPC Authorization, July 31, 1972. |
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- A1996-030.0157
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Sting Ray City Part I, FPC Approves Stingray Project, May 6, 1974 |
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- A1996-030.0158
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Sting Ray City Part I, Stingray Construction begins June 1, 1974. |
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- A1996-030.0159
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Sting Ray City Part I, Diagram of soil layers under Holly Beach. |
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- A1996-030.0160
- Collection: Frank & June Dotterweich Collection
- Location: STAD Photo File A1996-030A
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Sting Ray City Part I, Diagram of a gas turbine,natural gas compressor set with net combusted recuperatory mount vertical. |
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